Public companies are required to provide, on a regular basis, extensive information about their businesses and financial condition. All of that information is readily available to shareholders and others. Conversely, similar information regarding private companies is generally not available, even to its shareholders. For that reason, the laws of virtually every state give private company shareholders limited rights to receive non-public information regarding a private company in which they own an equity interest.
The court next looked at the broad scope of the requested information. It ranged from financial statements, tax returns and other “high level” documents to minutia such as the compensation paid each employee, check registers, cancelled checks, cash receipts, etc. In this regard, the court noted that, generally, a shareholder who has stated a proper purpose for inspection is entitled to inspect only those records that are essential and sufficient to achieve his purpose. The court went on to say that where details are reflected or incorporated in the company’s financial statements, they need not be separately provided in order to permit the stockholder to obtain an accurate valuation of his interest. Furthermore, it noted that the burden is on the requesting shareholder to prove that each category of requested information is essential to his purpose in requesting that information.
The Bizzari case contains a useful analysis of the rights and obligations of a company which receives a shareholder demand to inspect its books and records. What makes the case unusual are the facts surrounding Mr. Bizzari’s relationship with the other shareholders and directors. Although the court found that Mr. Bizzari’s stated purpose in requesting information was proper, it found that his true purpose was different. He had an extremely adversarial relationship with the other principals and the evidence supported the finding that his true purpose was to damage the company’s reputation and finances and to facilitate going into competition with the company. For that reason, he was denied access to most of the requested information, even though he was both a shareholder and a director of the company.
Some Practical Advice
First, since most information requested of a private company is confidential and proprietary, it is both permissible and advisable to require a requesting shareholder to sign a non-disclosure agreement (“NDA”) as a condition to receipt of information that is properly requested. Secondly, the laws of most states do not require a company to produce information the company does not prepare in the ordinary course of business. For example, if the company prepares a quarterly balance sheet and a year end-balance sheet, it is generally not obligated to prepare monthly balance sheets simply because a shareholder has requested them.
The board should consider adopting a written policy on the release of company information to shareholders before any requests are received. It should require an NDA, track the law in your state of organization and bear in mind at least some of the points discussed in the Bizzari case summarized above.
Finally, the laws of most states permit the company to make properly requested information available at its principle office for inspection and copying by the requesting shareholder. It generally does not obligate the company to go to the time and expense of copying the records and delivering them to the requesting shareholder. For further information, please contact William F. Miller at or We welcome your comments, questions and suggestions.
1 Although the Bizzari case was decided by the Delaware Chancery Court, it is worth noting that the courts of many states routinely look to the decisions of the Delaware courts on issues related to corporate governance and other matters.
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